roles played by nurses and other professionals in the team

roles played by applys and other captains in the police squad upThis essay is meant to throw light on the importance of having an suppress professional ag classify that would make the assist deli real to patients easier. In this essay I get appear discuss the roles played by nurses and other professionals in the squad. The essay will reflect the efficiency of such(prenominal) a group and their make water distribution and involvement. I will highlight the ways in which a team of professionals will diddle unneurotic to meet comely decisions during emergency situations and tackle them effectively. The essay will also critic entirelyy evaluate the non-homogeneous concepts of inter professional team rub down.An interprofessional team is a group of people who guide a certain prevalent goals or objectives which drives them to work together by setting aside individual goals. Inter professional team can be defined as a dynamic treat involving dickens or more than adva ntageouslyness give c ar professionals with complementary backgrounds and skills, sharing honey oil health goals and exercising concerted physical and psychic effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating patient c atomic number 18, accomplished through interdependent collaboration, open communication and shargon decision-making, and generates value-added patient, organizational and staff outcomes (Xyrichis and Ream 2007). Freeth et al (2005) defined inter professional team work as when two or more professional learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the pure tone of care.The healthcare sector started showing interest in the interprofessional working during the early 1990. (Institute of Medicine, 1998ONeil and Pew Health Professions missionary station 1998Pew Health Professions Commission 1995a,1995b,1998).The connexion of American Medical Colleges, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the American Association of Colleges of Nurs ing suggested that the graduates must get enough k presentlyledge in interprofessional collaboration (Varkey, Reller, Smith, Ponet, Osborn, 2006). Varkey et.al (2006) also pointed out that at that place should be enough cooperation between the various professionals in healthcare line of business for the success of this profession. But regrettably this fact is not included in the curriculum of the different medical schools in USA. Inter professional teams are more effective in rehabilitating the patients than individual health care professionals. The number of patients having positive repair by the inter professional benefit is larger than those by individual service providers.A very strategic role played by nurses is highlighted now. The nursing tutors face the dual challenge of preparing their students enter into nursing profession as well as equip them to cooperate effectively with other health practitioners (Lattuca, 200lNewell, 1998).An interprofessional team is working t o provide service in a goodly planned and systematic manner. In the health care sector inter professional teams are meant to develop groups that works towards efficiently rendering care to the patients. These teams include nurses, doctors, and other health care professionals. For a team to be efficient role lucidity to inevitable and this will help them define their own duties and responsibilities avoiding conflicts (West and Markiowicz, 2004). A team essentially will have a team leader who will lead the team and motivate them to render good service working together (Martin and Rogers 2004). A health care team will work effectively if in that location is stability in the team, this will make the team member in the group work with share trust and brain (West and Slater (1996) Gair and Hartery, (2001)).Interprofessional teams are of various types, they include multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary etc. In end of multidisciplinary teams the members are from various teams. These m embers set their own discipline specific goals and work towards achieving it. But ultimately the afterwardsmath is calculated as the total of all the disciplines (Dean and Geiringer 1990). The position of team members in the team hierarchy will affect the way in which the team functions and how it will render the service (Cotts, 1998). In case of a multidisciplinary team on that point exist subgroups of doctors, brotherly workers, therapists and also subgroups which had nurses and other junior staff. Her study also unveil the idea that the different subgroups had different perceptions about the inter professional teams.Inter professional team work is highly essential in operation theatres and intensive and trauma care units. Since these are the emergency units of a hospital the situation of such units cannot be predicted and thus highly challenging. The interprofessional team may have to work highly efficiently and together. there exists a high rate of tension and stress in the team members in such emergency situations. check to McWilliam et al (2003), interprofessional working is a very difficult caper for health care professionals. The patients didnt get the full benefit of interprofessional working due to the misunderstanding between the health care professionals regarding the policies and procedures in it.Mistreatment of elders is a serious burn and its growing day by day. It is the responsibility of nurses to detect and prevent such occurrences (Baker Heitkemper, 2005). The nurses have a variety of roles to play in an Inter-professional elder mistreatment team. At pitch the roles involve screening and assessment, mandatory reporting, direct care, and complaint investigation. Elder mistreatment (EM) is a very complicated issue and can be effectively solved through inter-professional association.Critics like Bion (1961) say that the interprofessional teams fail to focus on the real task they should be doing. The primary tasks for which they have co me together is forgotten most of the by the interprofessional teams. Whenever there is an issue the teams to fail to reach at a consensus and they do not take proper decisions on the issue (Strokes 1994). The meetings conducted in order to take decision on the matter are only a waste of time. These assumptions are based on the work group mentality hypothesis. Critics of interprofessional team have questioned the values of the team. It is said that the teams are not well managed and they do not work properly and responsibily. duologue theory puts forward the perspective of negotiating the personal and professional goals. (Strauss, 1978) The negotiations by professionals in the health care field have played a critical role in molding the characteristics of an interprofessional team. Loss and change theory reiterates that the health care professionals like doctors and nurses lose their professional identity as they are working in a team, this will lead to developing an improper relat ionship and improper behavior in the team (Atkins, 1998). Thus it critically points to the inter professional teams in that it wouldnt serve the purpose of forming a team the sadness of the team members can lead to inefficient functioning. The increase of cost in hospitals will also go away if there is lack of proper communication between the professionals like doctors, nurses and staff and also if they are not coordinated well (Gavett, Drucker, McCrum and Dickinson, 1985).The roles played by nurses in the interprofessional teams are fast evolving. The importance of specialist skills for nurses is now recognized and new role have come up. The Macmillan nurse is an example of such new roles and they deliver skills in palliative care and are expected to look after patients with terminal illness. Another group called night practitioners literally run the hospitals at night. They are skilled to assist any department and are sometimes considered better than junior doctors too (Martin Rogers, 2004)While working in an interprofessional team, there is an increased medical prognosis of conflict between the team members regarding the superiority in the team. The truth is everyone is equal while working in a team and nobody should themselves subordinate to anyone. But sometimes the nurses and their opinions are ignored in an interprofessional team. such(prenominal) events makes them reluctant to be a part of such teams (Martin Rogers, 2004).Task shifting is a common put among the professionals now days (Reeves et.al, 2010). This would help the traditional professionals to relieve of their heavy workload. The nursing practitioners and physician assistants are such roles (Hooker McCaig, 2001).The multiplicative effects model of interprofessional working views it more than the sum of its parts. Here the synergy obtained from such work is described (Leathard, 1994). According to this model, interprofessional working improves the contributions of individual team membe rs and thus will help in the boilers suit development of team.Decision making is an essential in ingradient of all teams it measures the efficiency of the group. Decision making in case of an interprofessional team also play key role deciding its service delivery process. The commonplace situation that happens in such teams is the unavailability of proper team leader and also reaching at a common consensus. The decision taken in team has the idea input all the members that necessitate to driven well in one direction for increasing effectiveness of the work the team does. most(prenominal) of the measurable decisions concerning the activities of the team are taken mostly by the Doctors, or the medical staff in an inter professional team in hospitals. Solving important problems and resolving conflicts are the aims of masking decisions (Neil, 1978).There are a few hindrances for nurses to be part of interprofessional teams. The health care sector has shortages or slight number of nurses, and those nurses who are available have increased amount of work. As a result of which there is a limitation in case of inter professional support and collaboration (Mckay Crippen, 2008). Another obstruction that can be highlighted is the disinterest on the part of other departments to participate and actively involve in the team and work together. The culture and hierarchy of the organization also plays a role in the organisation of teams in the organization.According to Henneman.et.al (1995) Collaboration involves a partnership characterized by mutual goals and commitments in which participants willingly croak involved in planning and decision making. Henneman.et.al (1995) also proposed that collaboration is a process by which members of various disciplines (or agencies) share their expertise. Accomplishing this requires these individuals understand and appreciate what it is that they contribute to the solid.Many authors have suggested ways to make the intercollaborat ion more effective. According to Fullan (1993), effective collaborations operate in the world of ideas, examining existing practices critically, seeking better alternatives and working hard together at bringing about improvements and assessing their worth. The National Network for Collaboration (NNC) put forward a kind work for effective collaboration and advocated that it should possess a common vision, problem, a desired outcome etc. NNC also pointed out that the members of the collaboration must share this vision and contribute equally. The NNC sees collaboration as an inclusionary process which should be constantly engaged and must strengthen the commitment and must identify that relationship construction and maintaining is the key factor for the success of collaborations and they must try to sustain a win-win relationship. According to Garner (1995) and Hoeman (1996), it should be by means of collaborative communication rather than shared communication that the interprofession al team approach evolves.Efforts were make from the part of many authors for increasing the literature on interprofessional education for health professional students. But Cooper, Carlisle, Gibbs, and Watkins (2001) pointed out this literature to be diverse including a relatively small amount of research data and much larger amounts of evaluation literature. There were almost thirty works done on interprofessional education and all of them aimed to increase the level of co-operation and understanding between the members in interprofessional teams as well as to encourage a high bore care for the patients.There are a number of social science theories that develop the concept of interprofessional team work. Merton (1968) put forward theory in three modules. They are the micro, mid chuck and macro theories. The social sciences approaches that come under these three groups includeMicro psychodynamic perspective by Bion, Menzies, Marris,social psychological perspective by Tejfel and T urner, BrownInteractionism by Goffman and straussAll the above approaches that come under the micro group are of the rational type that consolidates the team functions, identities and interactions.Midrange Activity theory by EngestromInstitutional crook by DiMaggio and PowellProfessionalization by FreidsonThese three approaches or theories are processual, organizational and contextual. Their task is to understand team activities, relation and performance, the relations between professions respectively.Macro Discourse theory and surveillance theory by FoucaultThey are of the contextual type that deals with the impact of society and social interaction of with respect to the interprofessional team work.There are a set of models supporter by theories that help provide the inter professional education well in the health care sector that enables the health care professionals perform well and deliver quality service. These models are whilst behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism (Sc hunk D 2003).I will working for the betterment of the service provided to a patient development the things I learned. Working in an interprofessional team is has made me get involved with the Doctors and other professional in the field and has helped to build a strategy that elevates the level of service rendering process. As a nurse am able to act in the right way a right direction in case of any emergency and otherwise. From now I will be able to put into use the concept I learned.The model that I would use is the Kolbs model of reflection. It is a process whereby, individuals, teams and organizations attend to and understanding their experiences and consequently modify their behaviour.The model mainly has 4 important aspectsExperiencing means really doing the task and experiencing the whole process.Reflecting- in this step the work is reviewed in terms of experience and the real process.Conceptualisation- here the various important occurrences and tasks are analysed and their connections among the events are noted.Planning- the events that have been understood will be analysed well in order to think the occurrences in future. This will help to prevent any improper events happening and build a proper strategy to do the next task.The Kolbs reflection model if one of the best models for teams. In case of a team there are aspects likeDoing- same as experience, where the team does the task or the action.Reflection- after the action, the team members openly discuss the whole process and share their views and experience.Interpretation- the members of the team now work with common identity and culture and as a team by leaning behind individual interests.Planning- in the final step team works according to the joint decisions and plan out ways to committing the action. at long last I would say that in any sector especially the health care there is an elemental requirement of having an inter professional team. The team in all ways will help in providing superior service since the decisions are taken as a team and under common grounds.

How Effective Are Drip Irrigation Systems

How efficient Are fell Irrigation SystemsThe phrase evaluates the efficiency, long suit, social, economic and environmental impacts of the drip irrigation st numbergy. The drip irrigation governance has the potential to maturation the agricultural productivity and also to reduce water usage charterd for irrigation. It is a carcass of pipes and underground located under the soil. Water is passed through these pipes which end at near the roots of the plants. This makes the water going minimal. Initial stage is useing the system and its facility follows it. The article states the advantages and disadvantages of the system and also cites evidence with imply to the social, economic and environmental aspects.Poverty is one of the primary concerns the world faces in its road to development. Eradication of poverty tends to be the prime aims of governments worldwide. Lack of puritanical nutrition is a major cause contributing to poverty. improving agricultural standards deal help in producing more nutrient and thus counter the lack of food factor. One way to improve agricultural standards is to develop the irrigation methods used. Irrigation is closely related to poverty. Irrigation benefits the poor through gritty production, mettlesomeer yields, low risk of crop failure and higher and year round farm and non-farm employment. Irrigation leads to high value market oriented agricultural production 1. However, in developing countries like India, the agricultural domain is heavily dependent on the s placeh-west monsoons. In view of the rising temperatures worldwide repayable to world(prenominal) warming and changes of weather patterns associated with it, dependence on rains is not always a possible solution. Failure of proper rains can cripple the agricultural sector which can lead to an overall rear in poverty. thusly efficient methods of irrigation need to be developed. The drip irrigation system is one such method of irrigation that is being u tilised. Drip irrigation is water saving, efficient and transactionive watering system .The article focuses on the different aspects of the drip irrigation system, its ploughsh ar in poverty alleviation and the social economic and environmental impacts of this technology.Subsurface drip irrigation or SDI is otherwise way of terming a drip irrigation system. As stated by C. Shock, drip irrigation is the slow even performance of low-pressure water to soil and plants use plastic tubing placed near the plants root regularize 8. Water is supplied to the soil at very low rates from the system of the plastic tubing pipes which are fitted with emitters at the ends. Therefore loss of water through evaporation, water run-off and percolation is minimized to a bulky extent. Also water contact with the stems, leaves and fruits of the plant is lessen which helps in prevention of formation of disease on the plant. Since the tubing is buried under the soil, it is less at risk of damage due to weeding and cultivation activities. designing a subsurface drip system requires an experienced qualified designer. As G. Harris has stated, proper hydraulic design is the initial step in installing a successful SDI system 5. This will ensure that the system effectively deals with the constraints imposed by the crop and soil characteristics, field size, topography, water supply and shape. The system must be capable of meeting the crop water need during the peak water demand times. A block or zone, which is the portion of the field that can be watered at the same time, is obdurate by the characteristics of the drip tubing selected. The optimal tube spacing is determined by the soil characteristics and the judiciousness of tube placement. If the installations are too deep it will restrict the availability of surface applied nutrients limits the effectiveness of the system for crop germination. Adequate flushing velocities must be allowed for in the design to remove sediments fro m the emitters. This helps to prevent the SDI system from give birthting clogged and increases the systems life.Following the designing comes the installation part of the SDI system. Proper installation ensures that the system performs optimally and it also determines the life of the system. Installation is done in sites which have not been cropped late as insect activity or weedy areas could destroy the pipes within days of installation 6.Initially arrangement of the tubing is marked out. A subsoiler can be used or if more accurate posture is needed, GPS can also be used. Specialized injectors are available for installation of the SDI pipes. The power and water solution limitations are to be considered during the installation of the system. Filters are also used which helps in removing particles and keeps the emitters from getting clogged.The major deliver of this system that makes it highly desirable is that the water use efficiency will be better compared to other systems o r methods of irrigation. Evidence put forward by C.R. Camp show that drip irrigation systems implemented in Virginia require 30% less water compared to sprinkler irrigation for cultivating corn 3. For cotton, the water usage was reduced significantly by 40%. Implementation of the system in Hawaii helped the farmers to get a greater yield than when using sprinkler irrigation system 4. Additional advantages includeDrip irrigation systems are suited to farms having uneven topography or soil texture. tiny application of nutrients is possible. Timely application of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides is possible.The drip irrigation system can be automated.Irrigation can be carried out day and night regardless of the wind, daylight availability or other cultivation activities 7.The SDI system can be used for fertilizing. Nutrients can be supplied in a sustained way, and regulated in rate and composition, according to the crop requirements 7.The hydraulics help in easy water control t he number of points provides thin uniformity of supply.There are a number of disadvantages for the drip irrigation system.Initial investment is quite high for this system.Root development is limited and hence resulting in root rot and dust problems 7.The emitters can get clogged frequently and cleaning it is a costly and time consuming process.Accumulation of salts might come out at the interface between the wet and dry zones of the soil.It is generally accepted that irrigation can transform party as well as land and landscapes. Drip irrigation has brought about a number of positive and invalidating social impacts. It helps in alleviating poverty in irrigated areas, minimizes the differential distribution of benefits across farmers and increases the social benefits 7. The positive effect it has brought on the demographics of the Waitaki valley has helped arrest the population decline 9. The additional population would not only gird the social structure and networks but also inc rease economic growth. Thus services such as health and education would become more viable. On the other hand, automated drip irrigation systems tend to require less labour and in low wage economies, where job opportunities lag behind growth in labour force owing to rise in population, reducing hired labour can be socially problematic 10. This leads to further unemployment.Considering the economic aspects, drip irrigation systems have helped farmers to attain better win due to higher yield. Farmers can conserve water more and also increase the productivity of their farms. The yield of cotton increased by 21% in Dalby and Moree while in Lucerne, yield improvement was between 13-34% 5. The profits obtained in tomato cultivation in California were about 867 to 1493 dollars more 12. Water usage was reduced by 45% for corn cultivation in the Great Plains in USA 13. In bitterness of all these a major hindrance in the implementation of the system is the high initial cost. plan and insta llation requires qualified people and moreover the cost and time for maintenance of the system is also on the higher side. However in the long run farmers can make up for the high initial costs with the higher amount of yield they obtain.The drip irrigation helps in improving the soil surface and the environment. It allows pre treat coalbed methane waters to flow into the root zone of an agricultural field which minimized environmental impacts by storing foul salts in the vadose zone 11. It reduces off-farm movements of fertilizers and pollutants and improves the water use efficiency of irrigated agriculture 3. It offers potential for increased water and treat fertilizer efficiency and decreases ground water contamination by NO3 14. The certain negative traits that the system has on the environment are that root rot may occur and levels of salinity rises. Root development is unnatural leading to insufficient protection against lack of water and poor root anchorage 7.Overall, the drip irrigation system is an effective way of irrigation. It saves on water usage and allows farmers to increase their farm output. The increased outputs helps counter the rise in food demand and helps the poorer sections of the society with more food at cheaper prices. Evidence presented in the article show the increased crop yield. Even thought the technology comes at a higher price, the effectuate of implementing it will be long lasting and positive.

Threats Of The Film Industry

Threats Of The Film IndustryThe main holy terror for the consume industry now-a-days is PIRACY. Where hackers sell the duplicate CDs and DVDs. Online piracy has similarly practise into action and both illegal download cost to the film industry is huge. It is obvious that people stick attracted to the internet as it is free. Online piracy is could have-to doe with the film industry losing up to $460m (275 million pounds) annually according to stellar(a) motion picture studios and distributors discover. Technology is playing a key intention where things became more easy and simple. A recent report estimated around 144,000 films is downloaded every day across the world. The main piracy is done with the help of camcorders in the theatres.The recent box office hit AVATAR was the nigh grossing film in the cinema industry as well as the most pirated film. AVATAR was downloaded 500,000 times in its first two days in theatres and almost 1 million times in first week of release. (www.torrentfreak.com )To prevent this threat for film industry government is taking infallible steps with the FEDERATION AGAINST COPYRIGHT THEFT (FACT) . It was established in 1983. The aboriginal purpose of FACT is to prevent the UKs film and broadcasting industry from be infringed. FACT closely works with UK police, HM Revenue Customs, UK border agency, somber and organised crime agency and the other agencies. FACT assess, analyse and report the threats. It plays a key role in ensuring that the awareness is pull ind among people slightly the growing piracy.FACT works in three key areasOnline plagiarisation This focuses on distribution of illegal films.Prevention of recordings in theatres Over 90% of piracy is originated from copy recorded in theatres.Hard estimables piracyhttp//www.guardian.co.uk/ origin/2003/oct/21/film.film invigoratedshttp//www.fact-uk.org.uk/site/about/index.htmQuestion 2SWOT abridgmentSWOT is a tool which is used to evaluate Strengths, Weakness es, Opportunities and Threats of an organisation. Strengths and Weaknesses are considered to be interior(a) factors of the organisation and Opportunities and Threats are considered to be remote factors. This method identifies internal and external factors which are favourable or unfavourable in achieving an objective.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis adit OF IKEAIKEA (Ingvar Kampard Elmtard Agunnaryd) was founded in 1943 by a 17 year old Ingvar Kampard in Sweden. He grew up in a farm called Elmtaryd in a village called Agunnaryd. IKEA comprises of initials of the give ways name and the place where he grew up. In 1920s Kampard started change match boxes to his neighbours by buying them in bulk at capital of Sweden and re sell them at very embarrassed cost. It later expanded by marketing flower seeds, Christmas tree decorations, pencils and pens. In 1940s he discovered piece of furniture designs with self assembling concept and now IKEA is the worlds largest furniture c ompany which is historied for its flat-pack designs at low prices. It is sells Accessories, bathroom and kitchen items. IKEA has in any case actively participated and has partnerships with friendly and environmental projects.http//www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/about_ikea/the_ikea_way/history/2000.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IkeaSWOT OF IKEA OF IKEA HELPING TO DEVELOP SUSTAINABILITYIKEAs credit line dodging is based on sustainability and environmental design. To attain its goal of sustainability IKEA has launched a parvenue caper plan which combine social, economic and environmental issues.SWOT analysis will help IKEA to reach its objectives by signaliseing and evaluating Strengths and Weaknesses which are within the take for of IKEA equal crosswayion, marketing, finance, human resources areas of the organisation. Opportunities and Threats which are out of control of IKEA want social, economical, political, technological, environmental issues outside the industry.If IKEA is ab le to create opportunities by countering the threats and by addressing its weaknesses with the help of its competencys so it will achieve the goal of sustainability.http//www.ikea.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/DisplayPage?layout=memberOffersstoreId=7langId=-20catalogId=10103localStore=12003http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyswot-analysis-sustainable-business-planning110-368-3.phpSTRENGTHS OF IKEAAny aspect which adds value to product is considered to be a strength of the business.IKEAs Strengths are as follows,Its vision to endure better life for its customers and employees.Its promising global brand value and string worldwide.Its bullnecked concept of providing wide range of products at low prices.IKEA has strong customer confidence level to buy IKEA products from any store.IKEA extracts chemicals and substances which are unhealthful to the environment and people.IKEA is completely against child labour and besides keep an centre of attention on its suppliers to avoid chi ld labour by doing frequent visits without information.IKEA is working together with UNICEF to save the children and provide them with education and better future.IKEA has introduced an IKEA FAMILY CARD which benefits its customers with which they get discounts on the products like furniture, mobile phones and also reductions in restaurants.As a member of FAMILY CARD customers plenty save up to 60% on mobile phones purchase and get offers in restaurants like free afternoon tea and coffee.This range of offers and products in IKEA acquires customers visit them again and again.WEAKNESSES OF IKEAhttp//www.clik2complaints.co.uk/Ori-others/ikea3.htmhttp//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyswot-analysis-sustainable-business-planning110-368-5.phpAny organisation should identify and acknowl pass on its weaknesses will improve the product or service of the company. This also helps the organisation to set objectives and create new strategies.IKEAs Weaknesses includes,IKEAs concept of offering low price products should be balanced with its property. It should constantly concentrate on quality in every step of production.It should always differentiate its products from its competitors.Its global business makes it difficult to control quality and standards worldwide.It should always try to keep good relation with its stakeholders and consumers which again is a difficult task because of its size of it and scale. on that point are complaints from the customers that their orders include items which are not necessary for them.Items of wrong material, size and fabric are delivered to the customers.A poor customer services and wrongful staff coordination.The complaints from customers are spoil the reputation of the company. IKEA has to concentrate on astir(p) its services by appointing right staff in right place. Orders lead to be taken with all the specifications and confirmed by the customer ahead delivering the order.OPPORTUNITIES OF IKEAOpportunities arise with the str engths of the company. IKEA focuses on environmental based business. IKEA educates its customers to support recycle and reusing of the products and also aims that recycled products are not used in developing a new product. IKEA wants to give its customer a sustainable life.Advantages of Opportunities of IKEA through its sustainability,The demand for greener products which do not harm the environment is growing.Demand for products with low price is growing because of the current financial conditions. Customers prefer trading in cheaper price.Being sustainable is IKEAs image which helps to keep good relationship with stakeholders, consumers and press.IKEA sources the products from countries like China, India and Pakistan which enables IKEA to offer products at competitive prices.IKEA plays a major role in supporting for charities like world wildlife fund and UNICEF.IKEAs aim to reduce energy use and hundred footprints and use more renewable energy has a growing demand.THREATS OF IKEA For any organisation, competitors and new entrants to the market are the main threats. Threats are always external like political changes, environmental and economical. IKEA can use a specific strength and overcome the threat.There are many other companies in the same market and IKEA should try to attract the customers with special offers and reduced prices when compared to others.IKEA should make better use of engineering science and resources to gain economies of scale which gives them competitive edge and also enables to offer products at lower prices and puts barriers for new entrants entering the market.IKEAs biggest strength is offering products at cheaper prices which create strong customer base in tough financial times and depressed retail market.Its products are also famous in the market for its good quality among the higher calculate markets.CONCLUSIONIKEAs strengths offering products at low prices, impressive designs and use of technology and resources can counteract a ny weakness or threat and create opportunities in the market. IKEA belief in doing good business makes it a sustainable business in creating better everyday life for its customers and employees.Question 3IKEA TO FULFILL SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYIKEA took part in several projects for maturement of society. Most of the projects were related to children welfare.In association with UNICEF, IKEA initiated child rights program in India. The aim of this project was to prevent child labour by addressing cool off causes like poverty and illiteracy.IKEA also supported UNICEF in emergency programmes like temblor in Pakistan and 2004 Tsunami affected countries like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Maldives.IKEA supported UNICEF in providing nimble needs like food, bowls, sleeping bags, towels and bed sheets.It also took initiative for earthquake affected children in providing quality education and safe drinking water system. or so 10,000 earthquake-affected boys and girls between 6-11 ages were benefited with education and hygienic facilities.These are some social activities of IKEA as a global brand and have good command on social responsibilities. In addition, IKEA also actively participates in addressing environmental issues as a responsibility. It believes in creating healthy society. As part of this it encourages its customers to support them for recycling or reusing the used products. It pays attention on less usage of water and carbon footprints. IKEA can continue its partnership with UNICEF and try to help whenever needed. It can show its concern in every possible and fulfil its social responsibilityhttp//www.unicef.org/corporate_partners/index_25092.htmlTASK 2Question 1INTRODUCTIONCharles Lazarus is the founder of ToysRUs. In 1948, he turned his dream of creating children oriented business into reality. He started a baby furniture store, Childrens bargain town in Washington. On public demand he started selling toys. The first toy that he started selling was cradle gym. Later he expanded to tricycles, books and other toys. aft(prenominal) 10 years, Charles opened his own store in a supermarket exercise which helped the customers to pick products of there own choice. In 1980, he opened his guerrilla store and named it as ToysRUs which attracted parents and kids. In 1984, the company began to expand internationally. It started opening the stores in countries like Singapore and Canada. Later more than 700 stores were opened in 33 countries outside United States. The company branched out into childrens clothing business and opened the first store in Paramus, immature Jersey and Brooklyn, New York named KidsRUs. Although it closed its branches in 2003, it still remained committed to apparel business and continues selling designer and private label boys and girls clothing through BabiesRUs stores.http//www2.toysrus.com/about/ourHistory.cfm

Analysis Of Arden Of Faversham

Analysis Of Arden Of FavershamAs Arden of Faversham opens the hearing is aw atomic number 18 that the crime dramatised is a fait accompli thereof the bulk of the swindle is suspended mingled with the perspicacity of Ardens murder and its unavoidable realization. Several failed attempts are made to murder Arden and again in picture xiii Arden escapes injury during his clash with Mosby. This extended deferment is crucial to the objectives of the get together, permitting an exploration of both motives and character exploring tensions surrounding the essence of coupling and Renaissance complaisant structure, it demonstrates Alice as challenging the conventions of Elizabethan society finished her standpoint on marriage and religion and points to Arden as contradicting perceived male fictitious characters.Alice begins her seduction employing the language of lovers mebibytesand and thee accent the intimacy of marriage in Alices first headway Couldst thou non see us friendly smile on thee? The adjective, simultaneously, an ironic clue to Alice and Mosbys true intentions. Continuing with her strategy of interrogation Alice poses some(prenominal) rhetorical questions, diverting attention from her own indiscretion, to accuse Arden of imprudence and mistrust Hast thou not lately found me over-kind? / Didst thou not hear me parole they murder thee? / Called I not help to set my economise gratuitous? The soldieryipulation of sentence structure is reflective of Alices intensions the pleonasm over-kind testament to Alices efforts to calm Arden whilst at the same time enkindleive of the charade she is playing. The culminating rhyming twosome lays emphasis to both her attempt to engender Ardens trust and the link between her lack of internal freedom and Arden. Confirming her disloyal nature, Alice is willing to free Arden to see Mosby, Shakebag and BlackWill as treacherous whilst she protests her innocence. The power dynamic at play here is reminiscent of the exchange between Alice and Mosby in Scene 1 Line 175 225 Alice cunning and existenceipulative works to dominate.Alices duplicity, both cooling and enthralling at the same time, is further enhanced by the fact that Alices role would lease been played by a boy on the Elizabethan stage a reflection on how women were often presented by playwrights of the time. Lines 108 -111, heavily accented through antithesis and anaphora, too emphasise this duplicityIf I be merry, thou straightways thinks me lightIf sad, thou sayest the sullens trouble meIf fountainhead attrired, thou thinks I will be gaddingIf homely, I seem sluttish in thine eye.The parallel juxtaposition in each line allows Alice to present herself in a positive light as merry sad well attired and homely and then counter each declaration with an accusal that Arden regards her as light sullen gadding and sluttish. These are not accusations Arden has voiced against Alice simply accusations Alice is charging him with making. The anaphoric repetition of the conjunctive marks the irony inherent in Alices presentation of these two versions of herself antithesis emphasising the disparity between these two versions. Claiming that there is nix she can do to change Ardens unjust opinion of her, Alice quick to play the victim, equates her life to a living death, heavily emphasised through verse line and synecdoche I seem sluttish in thine eye / Thus am I still, and shall be while I die, / Poor wench abused by thy misgovernment. Accusation Arden of treating her as if she were of a lower social standing, Alice claims she is handle and poorly presided over ending the line with the word she most wants to punctuate her misgovernment alluding to Ardens lack of authority as head of the household and, take away in a boarder context, her thoughts on marriage.Love is God and marriage is but words, Alices words in Scene 1 Line 101-102 swear that she believes love to be of greater significance than marriag e reinforced when she claims Oaths are words, and words is wind. One of the principally explored themes in Arden of Faversham is the Renaissance perception of marriage. Alice likens her role as wife to that of slave Henceforth Ill be thy slave, no more than thy wife. Syntactic placement and rhythm lay further emphasis on the metaphor. The rhetoric of slavery is further expounded in line cv the Paronomasia emphasising the imagery of a chain and Alice as enslaved by Arden. Alices exclamation here marks a tonal shift, her strategy changes from persuading Arden to doubt himself to a dramatic passionate outburst when she exclaims No, ears and all were witched. Ah me accursed, / To link in proclivity with a frantic man Alices protestations are further embellished with an analogy to witchcraft, the phrase structure accursed at the end of the line emphasising Alices claim that she is cursed and chained, beginning rhyme laying focus on her enslavement to a frantic man whos senses (ear s) are bewitched. As Alice becomes more passionate so Arden becomes more compliant. head rhyme and rhythm stress the irony in line 107 For with that name I neer shall topic thee. On the one hand Alice claims Arden will never be content with her as a wife because what he authentically wants is a slave, but Alice too will never be content as long as she shares Ardens name.Alices challenge to marriage can be expounded to include Elizabethan ideology, a world view suspended from a strict social structure monarch as head of call forth husband as head of the household. In Elizabethan England, to kill ones husband was a political crime it struck to heart of Renaissance political orientation and questioned the Elizabethan patriarchal dominant configuration. Alices appeal to a need for sexual freedom is central to her motivation as upheld by her words in Scene 1 Line 274-276 But Mosbys love. / Might I without witness / Enjoy thee still, then Arden should not die. On some level Alice holds not only Arden but Elizabethan society at large trustworthy for her transgressions if she were not bound by a loveless marriage she would not be false, manipulative and murderous. In some respects this two reflects the mentation that Arden is in some sense to blame for his own death.Alices response to Arden in line 116 The heavens can witness of our harmless thoughts would have been considered low by an Elizabethan audience. Again alliteration draws attention to Alices reference to heaven, and since the audience is aware of her falsehood also to her lack of reverence for all that the thought signifies challenging ideas of providence.Challenges to the existing social order recur as a predominant thread throughout the play. An Elizabethan mans social standing could be influenced by his wifes chastity and sexual integrity in light of this Arden would have been viewed as a Cuckold implying public scandal and raising distract social and political intimation. Arden appears to b e a fundamentally conflicted character as on the one hand he appears to be a unreserved cuckold, whilst on the other he is described as a man of affairs, worldly and proficient. Unremittingly ambitious, Arden is arrogant and regards his social standing above Mosby as create that he is the better man. It is Mosbys taunting of Ardens horns which sparks the violent altercation immediately antecede this extract. Ardens motives speak to his true feelings for Alice Arden does not fight Mosby to retain Alice, but instead to protect his social standing lending justification to Alices notion of a loveless marriage. In this light Arden is show as both victim and villain. Ardens response to Alices accusations is as Alice intended it to be, he doubts himself But is it for truth that incomplete thou nor he / Intendedst malice in your misdemeanour? Alliteration highlights the direct contrast between malice and misdemeanour again there is the sense of weigh up the situation. Arden is convi nced by Alices ploy thereby confirming his Cuckoldry and spare gullibility in the face of his wifes affair with Mosby. Arden would be seen by an Elizabethan viewer as relinquishing appropriate control of his household thereby committing a disloyalty to the conventional notion of masculine status and undermining social parameters. Ardens complacency raises questions as to his motives for assuaging Alice, appeasing her for the sake of her social standing and wealth, a backwash of his ambition and materialism. Alice describes Arden as frantic a man distracted by emotion might Alice here be referring not only to Ardens suspicions but also to his pursuit of materialism?Ardens situation is summed up in more ways than one in lines 117 -120. He implores Alice to pardon him and, stressed by alliteration, to forgive and forget his fault. Ironically his fault is not in accusatory Alice but in forgiving her. He goes even further to suggest that Alice Impose me penance, and I will perform it, once more highlighted through alliteration Alice plans to extract the ultimate penance from Arden, the irony further real in lines 120-122, accentuated through the triplex For in thy discontent I chance a death, / A death tormenting more than death itself. It is precisely Ardens complacency and Alices discontent and that will lead to his death.

Example Statement of Purpose Teacher

Example Statement of Purpose TeacherThe genesis of my consuming interest in fosterage, an interest which has now evolved into an aspiration and a followers for a career in the land, happened during my undergraduate studies, while I was a student of humanities. Eventually became the primary motivation for graduate and now for hike Studies in Education Language, acculturation Teaching at YORK University. My desire of farther excogitate in Education is derived from the conduct of our people and their welfare. Since 2003, once I completed my MSc in Psychology choose the profession of precept as a career. I started teaching in a collateral school where I was able to second students in their studies of psychological science associate subjects. I use to meet the students parents and try to come about out how to crystalize a healthy relationship between students and parents. As I remember on continuous learning when ever there is as fortune either to learn new strategies or any sort of teachers didactics found my ego engaged in it.It always fascinated me to help people to rectify their Education standards, life style and facilitate them by provision of my expert opinion and guidance for them through my training and experience. I strongly believe that MEd Education is exactly the sort of qualification need though which improvement of the Education standard of communities through education fag be achieved. It is also an effective peckerwood to promote the awareness around fundamental issues, and facilitate look to find different methods of teaching. It is to improve the education and well being of people with in the local communities and across the terra firma and different civilizations. It helps to facilitate people who are not fortunate comely to acquire the fruitful education system and well being.Education Language, Culture and teaching are an exciting and growing airfield of withdraw. The field challenges its professionals to expe ct complex teaching methods, such as improvements access of education, and strong tension on the study of strategies to improve individuality with close attention to the ethnic context. With the help of this degree I may seek to acquire or extend my knowledge and skills in early intervention (0 3 historic period), preschool program (0 5 years), family services and prevalent policy for children and families. Education studies are a diverse and dynamic field. As professionals come from varying educational backgrounds and crapper specialize in different fields. It is a very popular field geared toward serving others. These professionals then can better serve local, national, and international communities. They are leaders who meet the many exciting challenges in defend the bad affects on study today and in the future. Not besides for wellbeing but it is a rewarding field as well. The field of education offers great personal fulfillment workings towards improving education standards and be able to suggest the learners the make up way.YORK University of Toronto has the richest environment of latest facilities, courses and seek facilities purchasable. Making this degree from York University is the most urgent priority in my life. I became aware of Universitys Education programe and the degree that university offers adapted exactly what I need and the goals in my professional newsboy which I want to achieve. I respectfulness this degree as a tool which will help me to incur exceed changes in society and economy. go to the degree is a major step preparing for a bright undefeated future in the Teaching. It is right time to start something forward-looking and to reach new goals in my life.The consumption to apply for a place at your university is precisely to acquire the prescience of knowledge and sophistication of methodology to attain a superior aim of expertise by way of strict training. In my previous donnish background I obligate done my undergraduate study. I majored in Psychology because I have a keen interest in psychological disorder. I attained my undergraduate degree form Punjab University Lahore. I was outstanding both at academic courses and extracurricular activities. I wasamong the best five in a class of 25. I acted as the athletic supporter to the editor-in-chiefof the school literary newspaper. I am also in-charge of Student first-class honours degree Aid.During my Graduate Study in Psychology from Punjab University, I was among the best 5 in a class of 20. But at that time I begin to feel my needs for self-development in Psychology are not being satisfied because of the lack of necessary latest equipments and facilities available for research and development in this field. The lack of the latestcollection of books on psychology and researches facilities in our library also affected my systematic research. After postgraduate, I have completed different case studies on EducationalPsychology, on soc ial Psychology and Muslim psychology. I also made a notebook on statistical psychology.During my Postgraduate study I call up Fountain House Mental Hospital, Lahore and different Psychiatry department for victorious the case history and research findings. After finishing my graduate study in 2002 I start teaching in TheEducators School Lahore which is the puke of Beacon house school system Pakistan. I teach maths and science and psychology subjects. Now I am doing a hire out in The Lyceum as pre school teacher.During teaching, my achievements are as adjacentIn 2004 I was appointed as the leader of school Teaching. On this post, I make term-based teaching plan, organize discussion andassessment, and coordinate testing.I won the title Excellent Young Teacher awarded by The Educatorsfor the years 2004, and 2006 respectively.I also have a title of the good teacher prohibiting the Parents complaintsThe education is a field that offers an abundance of job opportunities to suit a var iety of interests and skills. Whether you are more interested in crunching numbers, conducting research, or working with people, there is a place for you in the field of Education. Recent college graduates and those that have been in the field for years have something to offer and to gain in this field. It is ideal for those that gain satisfaction knowing that they are working to improve the lives of others.Once graduate the professionals can work in both ordinary and private sector organizations. Many graduates find work in public sector in local, state, or federal teaching institutes. Also the jobs available are at different schools, day care center or pre-school. Another great opportunity Is to avail the opportunity of working as researchers. Those interested in working for a non-profit organization can find jobs in NGO or research for organizations, or a local non-profit that focuses on specific Educational issues.Achievements cant quench my thrust for self improvement my perso nal desire is to always go further. This study at your university does help me to find innovative ways to accomplish my goals and to realize my broad potential in every aspect of my future professional carrier. I want to approach my carrier with the best possible qualification and study at your institute is essential to such development.Making this degree is the most urgent priority in my life. I became aware of University programmes that you offer. The degree fit exactly what I needed and the goals in my professional carrier which I want to achieve. I regard this degree as a tool which will help me to make best changes in society and economy. Attending the degree is a major step preparing for a bright successful future in the social world. It is right time to start something innovative and to reach new goals in my life. I had chosen this option and this carrier goal is based on my skills, interests and carrier possibilities. I always note up my carrier goals high enough. My ultim ate goal is to be a professional and a better human being .I shall be thanking full(a) to you for your kind consideration.

The benefits of dark chocolate

The benefits of grim hot coffeeDARK CHOCOLATEIS IT BEEFICIAL TO ONES caput AND BODY OR NOT?The early fifteenth century power saw the creation of something divine, something heavenly and something delicious potable java. though the drinking coffee berry beans from which coffee is vigilant were discovered around 2000 years ago, the manufacturing of unknown coffee began in the 15th century by the Mayan tribes. According to the bind, Chocolate-a health fodder?(2008) in that respect was a popular belief among these tribes that there was a God simply be motive there was umber (n.a, 2008). The tree that yields the coffee bean, an important ingredient in the manufacturing of unsung drinking coffee berry was called Theobroma (n.a, 2008) which means Food for Gods. Fielmuseum.org (2007) says that chocolate was more than fair delicious food to the Mayan tribes it was a dev remote and societal style of life. present tense more an(prenominal) people associate sullen cho colate with having adverse affects on champion. However, contrary to popular belief, use of goods and services of dark chocolate (at least 65 portion cocoa) may very subscribe some benefits to ones mind and corpse. Chocolate, peculiarly dark chocolate has been found to support drop risk of face diseases. The article Chocolate-a health food (2008) published in Optimum wellness, a journal states the results of a study that was published in the 2005 edit out of the Ameri kindle Journal of Clinical pabulum. The study reason out that dark chocolate does and so minify pedigree mash (n.a, 2008, p.32). On chocolate-for-health.com, Dean Ornish, who is the chip in and president of the non-profit Preventive Medicine explore Institute in Sausalito, atomic number 20 states a study that was published in the Journal of the Ameri croup medical exam Association in 2003. He says that Researchers at the University of Cologne studied the personal effects of dark chocolate on men a nd women recently diagnosed with mild lavishly profligate pressure. Half of the patients were given 100 grams each of dark chocolate and the separate half were given 100 grams of gabardine chocolate. At the repeal of the experiment, those who consumed dark chocolate saw an average of five point decrease in their systolic and a two point decrease in their diastolic line of descent pressure. The decrease in blood pressure was ex obviouslyed to be due to the ontogenesis in the doing of nitric oxide by intake of dark chocolate. Due to the nitric dioxide produced, the blood vessels dilated and increased blood prey thus make a decrease in blood pressure (Ornish, n.d.). other article, Chocolates health Benefits-Trick or Treat? (2007) published in the Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter quotes another study published in the 2007 national of Journal of the American Medical Association. The lead author of this study, Dr. Dirk Taubert says that they conducted research at the University Hospital of Cologne in Germany on 24 hypertensive women and 20 hypertensive men, their age ranging from 56 to 73. They were each given 30 calories of dark or white chocolate for eighteen weeks and at the end they reason out that the ones who consumed dark chocolate had at least a two to one-third point decrease in their blood pressures. Taubert and his colleagues concluded that on a existence basis, it has been estimated that a 3-mm HG reduction in systolic BP would reduce the relative risk of stroke mortality by 8%, of coronary thrombosis artery disease mortality by 5%, and of all-cause mortality by 4% (n.a., 2007, p.5). Dr. Taubert overly states that the most fascinating discovery was that simple commercial dark chocolate was as in effect(p) at lowering blood pressure as untold more comprehensive regimenary modifications(n.a.,2007.p.5). The article states that the results from this study were the same as those from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertensio n diet plan (n.a, 2007, p.5). Moreover, the article Chocolate as Medicine?(Dermody, 2008, p.65) that appe bed in The Readers carry stated a similar study conducted in like manner at the University of Hospital, Cologne, Germany, 44 people with borderline or mild hypertension were given 30 calories a day of dark or white chocolate. After their ceaseless health checkups and four months of consuming dark or white chocolate every day, the patients who consumed dark chocolate had their hypertension levels reduced from eighty half-dozen percent to sixty eight percent. It is common knowledge that hypertension causes an increase in blood pressure hence increasing the risk of warmheartedness diseases. at that placefore it can be concluded that a little insaneness for pleasure may not harm one however actually benefit ones bole. shabbiness chocolate is also known to benefit the body by increasing glucose tolerance level. This means that consuming dark chocolate provide increase insu lin sensitivity and thus reduce risk of diabetes. There are two types of diabetes, type 1 being the one where the body is unable to make insulin and type 2 being the bodys incapability to buy with sugar. Though hard to believe, as chocolate is mixed with sugar and and so is a sweet food, it is in fact true that dark chocolate can assist you reduce the risk of diabetes, especially if it is hereditary. The article Nutrition and Disease Blood Pressure Is Reduced and Insulin Sensitivity Increased in Glucose-Intolerant, Hypertensive Subjects after 15 Days of Consuming High-Polyphenol Dark Chocolate (2008) was published in the Journal of Nutrition. The authors of this article, Davide Grassi, Giovambattista Desideri, Stefano Necozione, Cristina Lippi, Raffaele Casale, Giuliana Properzi, Jeffrey B. Blumberg and Claudio Ferri are all researchers at theDepartment of infixed Medicine and Public Health, University of LAquila, Italy except Jeffrey B. Blumberg who is a researcher at the Anti oxidants Research research lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research shopping mall on Aging, Tufts University, Boston. The of import idea for their research was to see how flavanol well-fixed dark chocolate (FRDC) affected insulin sensitivity. Flavanol is considered to be an antioxidant and have anti-inflammatory properties (Lotito, 2002). The researchers conducted a study on 19 hypertensive patients, 11 males and 8 females. They gave 100 grams of flavanol free white chocolate at first to these 19 patients and thence switched them to the other apportionment, that is flavanol sufficient dark chocolate. The blood pressure and glucose tolerance level was checked at various times, before and after the intake of either type of chocolate. At the end of this test they concluded that FRDC ameliorated insulin sensitivity (Grassi et al., 2008). This study proves that dark chocolate does indeed have a positive effect on ones body. furthermore a study from the 2005 issue of Journal o f Medical Association states in the article Chocolate-A Health Food? (2008) that researchers studied the effects of chocolate in healthy people and concluded that Darkchocolate helps decrease blood pressure and improve insulin sensitivity in healthy persons(n.a. 2008, p.32). According to the studies above, dark chocolate, especially flavanol copious dark chocolate does increase glucose tolerance levels which help reduce the risk of diabetes. other point why chocolate is adept to one is that it has a very elevated number of antioxidant properties than many other food substances. Anti oxidants protect ones body from oxidative stress i.e. slows sight the oxidation process which is harmful to ones body as it reacts with cholesterin causing health related problems (Gorman, 2006). According to allchocolate.com, a serving of dark chocolate contains more antioxidants than a serving of blueberries or cranberries (n.a, n.d). Jeffrey B. Blumberg is the director of the Antioxidants Researc h Laboratory at the Tufts Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and harmonise to the article Chocolates health benefits-trick or treat (2007) Blumbergs main area of research concerning chocolate is antioxidants. Blumberg suggests that dark chocolate is rich in pro-antho cyanides, that are potent anti-oxidants (2007, p.4). In addition to pro-antho cyanides, chocolate has many more chemical substances that act as antioxidants. Flavonoids, for instance are natural anti-oxidants and cocoa beans and dark chocolate are rich in flavonoid (Raloff, 2000, p.188). Chris Zdeb, writing in the National Post, says in his article Chocoholics, Rejoice (2007), that there have been many studies that have found that chocolates contain a very high bar of flavanol. These are compounds that reduce the stickiness of the platelets, cells that play an important role in blood clotting (Zdeb, 2007). Zdeb also states that chocolate contains Polyphenol, another type of antioxidants. These an tioxidants are much similar to those found in fruits such as blueberries, vegetables such as spinach and other food substances such as green tea leaf etc. precisely chocolate has a much higher enumerate of these antioxidants in it. Zdeb suggests that Polyphenol help eliminate the free radicals in the body that cause cardiovascular diseases, cancer and premature aging (Zdeb, 2007). Moreover, Blumberg states that in one Italian study they saw a significant decline in ( deleterious) cholesterol(as cited in Chocolates health benefits-trick or treat , 2007, p.4) after intake of dark chocolate. This shows that dark chocolate does indeed help the body by its high antioxidant properties. In another Spanish study, Blumberg observed that cocoa, the main ingredient for the production of chocolate was found to increase antioxidant levels in ones body (n.a, 2007, p.4). All in all, dark chocolates antioxidant properties are very beneficial to ones body and chocolate is voluminous in them. It has also been found that dark chocolate helps ease discommode and relive stress. David Derbyshire writes in his article How a Chunk of Chocolate shadow Melt Away Your Pain (2009) that studies have shown that chocolate acts as a natural annoyingkiller, as according to researchers, anything done or eaten for pleasure acts as a natural painkiller. Derbyshire states a study done on rats by Dr Peggy Mason, of Chicago University. She found that the experimental rats were not that bothered by pain when eating a chocolate chip. She says that Its a strong, strong effect, but its not active hunger or appetite (as cited in Derbyshire, 2009). She explained that when you have food in front of you, you get out never stop eating and according to past studies conducted, eating eases pain. In the experiment, the rats were given chocolate, sugar water, or plain water and a light bulb was placed beneath their cages. The rats way of reacting to the heat was lifting their paw of the floor. The res earchers saw that the rats eating chocolate or drinking plain water were much slower in lifting their paws. This shows that when eating or drinking, people are more relaxed and sugar has naught to do with it. The rats were then given a bitter drink, quinine that is quite distasteful. The result was that the rats reacted to the heat as quickly as when they are not eating (Derbyshire, 2009). This concludes that only patch you are eating or drinking something you find pleasurable will it act as a natural painkiller and there is nothing more pleasurable than chocolate, or so many people think. Though the experiment was done on animal, the researchers believe the effect is the same in humans. Furthermore, Derbyshire provides another study that explains how chocolate helps bear stress. Scientists at the University of Cincinnati in the States conducted an experiment in 2005. They found that sugary foods cut the level of the potentially harmful hormone glucocorticoid (Derbyshire, 2009). This is a hormone that is produced by the brain when to a lower place pressure. Their research on rats showed that when they had sugary food, their brains produced lower levels of glucocorticoid when they were put under disagreeable situations. This is a perfect example of how chocolate can help relieve stress. People will only feel stress free when relaxed and chocolate gives one that effect. This is quite true as there are several(prenominal) bioactive compounds in chocolate that increase vigilance, a sense of well being and make one less sensitive to pain. For example chocolate is rich in carbohydrates which increases the rate at which Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, enters the brain. Tryptophan lessens concern by producing the neurotransmitter serotonin (Carter, 2008). This brings us to the conclusion that dark chocolate indeed has the properties to ease physical as well as emotional pain. Another reason why chocolate is so good for one is that it not only relaxes peop le, it also helps elevates their sense modality and also acts as an anti-depressant. Dana Small is a cognitive neuroscientist. In the article No moreplease frequent Science (2002) Gunja Sinha gives the details of a small experiment Small carried out on nine chocolate lovers. She connected these volunteers to MRI machines and gave them chocolate man she measured their blood die hard to the brain. She saw that the area of the brain associated with mood was active (Sinha, 2009, p42) while they ate and enjoyed their chocolates. This increase in blood flow to a certain region related to mood shows how chocolate can affect ones mood. Chris Zdeb states in his article Chocoholics, Rejoice (2007) that chocolate does indeed have chemicals that elevate ones mood. The chemicals phenethylamine and anandamide found in chocolate activate receptors in the brain that cause feelings of transport and well-being (Zdeb, 2007). Dark chocolate is the best way to lift ones inspirit and mood. It is al so much more delicious than any anti-depressant pills. Chocolate a disposition thing (Morton, 2008) reports the findings from Black Dog institute. One of the institutes profs, Professor Gordon Parker suggests thatChocolate may settle emotional dysregulation in those who are personality prone todepressive reactions. (as cited in Morton, 2008). He also proposes that chocolate appears to have a calming effect on emotional reactions. Fifteen percent of the population had emotional problems and chocolate appeared to have a calming effect (Morton, 2008) on them, says Professor Parker. This proves that dark chocolate not only acts as an antidepressant, it also enhances our psychological well being. On the other devolve there are a lot of common misconceptions associated with chocolate. One being that one of the main reasons for acne is chocolate. However, that is not true as acne is not caused by chocolate or any other food substance for that matter. Acne is the result of the buildup of dead spit out cells within the pore according to the Acne Resource center online (n.d.). Our skins produce a type of oil called sebum and it is this oil that together with the bacteria cause acne. The pick center states that none of these factors are triggered by anything we eat. Chocolate is wrongly blamed. Another common belief among the world is that chocolate causes withalth decay. Parents tend to keep their children away from chocolate solely for this reason without realizing what they are depriving their children of. Lack of proper pity of ones teething is what causes tooth decay. Even if one eats vegetables and dont take conduct of his/her teeth, it will cause cavities. In fact chocolate is much punter for teeth than fluoride, the chemical commonly found in toothpastes. Chocolate contains a chemical called Tannins. These are a type of flavanol and according to Chris Zdebs article Chocoholics, Rejoice (2007) these chemicals help prevent cavities. The article Chocolates H ealth Benefits-Trick or Treat? (2007) provides information about a study done by Dr. Arman Sadeghpour who is a researcher at the Tulane University. He did the study with researchers from the University of New Orleans and Louisiana Universitys School of Dentistry. They compared the cocoa extract from chocolate to fluoride and concluded that dark chocolate is much better for the teeth as it contains a chemical theobromine. It is water-soluble, crystalline bitter mill and an alkaloid of the cacao plant(n.a, 2007, p.4). This team of researchers found that this chemical is much effective in hardening the tooth enamel than fluoride. At the end of this research Dr. Sadeghpour concluded that any food substance containing theobromine is good for dental health. One great power think that dark chocolate contains sugar, which outweighs the beneficial properties of chocolate by far. However, by dark chocolate it is meant that it contains at least sixty five percent of cocoa which has most of t he properties that help prevent cavities. Sixty five percent outweighs the sugar amount by a lot and if proper care is taken of ones teeth, one does not have anything to worry about. Dark chocolate might not be the cause of cavities or tooth decay but in fact might be much beneficial to ones teeth. Dark chocolate, as all other food substances does have some flaws but the positive effects outweigh them by far. Dark chocolate can help one reduce and prevent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes and can also protect ones body from oxidative stress and even relieve one from mental stress. It uplifts ones spirits and also eases physical pain. However, one has to remember that too much of a good thing can be bad so one should never over indulge. On the other hand even a small bite of dark chocolate on a regular basis might do wonders for one.

Nebulized L-epinephrine in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup

Nebulized L- epinephrin in Post -Bronchoscopy CroupSafety and qualification of Nebulized L- epinephrin in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup in minorren, Anesthesia Con trademarkrationDr Asma Aref Idamat, druggistDr Hussein Khraysha, Senior Specialist AnesthetistDr Najeh Alomari, Consultant Pediatric surgeonAmman-JordanABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To assess the value of bronchodilator effect of nebulized epinephrine send off bronchoscopy in children and to compare the intensity level and military position set up of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE) 1/ guanine at a dosage of 0.1 mL/kg versus 0.5 mL/kg in the intervention of stakes-bronchoscopy derriere and focal ratio air lane bulwark . temporal AND METHOD Between April1998 and April 2002, 120 children, who developed signs and symptoms of upper flight path stop (UAO) by and by bronchoscopy, were randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg or 0.5 mL/kg of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE). Age group ranged from 4months to 14 years, mean of 4.6 years , mannish /fe virile ratio 41. UAO lashings, vital signs (VS) ,oxygen saturation (O2 Sat)and side make if expose were recorded before ,at 15 legal proceeding , 35 proceedings and 45 minutes after the treatment. The treatment was accomplished in the retrieval room under the care of the anesthetist and pediatric surgeon. All patients were freshened guardedly prior to discharge from recoin truth room.RESULTS lux children were allocated to the 0.1mL/kg (NLE) and sixty children to the 0.5 mL/kg (NLE).. The (NLE) was mixed with 2ml of conventionalism saline. two groups showed improvements in UAO scores and oxygen saturation over date. There were no significant differences in UAO scores and VS betwixt the groups at all time points. There were no side cause of epinephrine during the observation.CONCLUSION The administration of nebulized L-epinephrine is safe and effective in reliving croup and upper flight path obstacle (UAO) post-bronchoscopy in children. NLE at the panel ing of 0.1 mL/kg results in similar improvements in the UAO scores, compared with the venereal infection of 0.5 mL/kg. No complications were seen in either drug and we preach the spell single-valued function of 0.1ml/kg (NLE) post bronchoscopy in children.Key words Bronchoscopy, Bronchodilators, L-adrenaline, croup, children displayCroup or subglottic edema post bronchoscopy and post intubation is a well go to bedn entity. Children are more vulnerable to develop croup after much(prenominal) procedures than adults due to well known differences in the manakin of upper airway and tracheo-bronchial tree with narrower laryngeal and tracheal lumens with the result of obstruction more readily by to mucosal edema due to variant causes, like viral and bacterial infections as well as supersensitized manifestations. The narrowest part of upper airway is that at the level of cricoid cartilage which makes the familiar tracheal injury by endo tracheal tube or bronchoscope pillow slip more prone at the narrow subglottic area even after easily passage through the vocal cords. Bronchoscopic removal of aspirated unlike bodies in children is a common procedure in Jordan and many other countries worldwide. The procedure is per human bodyed under general anesthesia utilize rigid bronchoscopic device through which the ventilation is maintained. Foreign bodies are usually successfully removed using forceps, rinse off out with saline and suction tube. In many cases repeated bronchoscopic intubation may be demand to assure complete removal of foreign bodies with the result of significant headache and edema to the tracheo-bronchial tree with the sequel of croup, reedy chest and features of upper airway obstruction (UAO) which may lead to significant morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. The incidence of post intubation croup in children was reported to be between 1 to 6 % (1,2). The medical treatment of postintubation croup is the same as that for pathogenic cro up, including corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine. The vasoconstrictive effect of epinephrine decreases the degree of subglottic edema, resulting in clinical improvement. Traditionally recemic epinephrine has been used as a non-selective adrenergic supporter of choice in children due to its supposedly fewer side set up than the more active and more readily available natural laevorotatory jump of epinephrine. However, there seems to be no pharmacological basis for this belief (3-5) and consequent trials have shown the L-epinephrine which we use for resuscitation, to be safe and effective in some(prenominal) infectious and postintubation croup(6,7). In addition, L-epinephrine is readily available in all countries sequence racemic epinephrine is not. Even in countries where both forms are available the racemic form is much more expensive(8 ).It was noted that the dots of L-epinephrine used in those trials were 2.5 and 5 mL of 1 cubic yard solution for all recruited children , heedless of weight. As a result, the do drugs of L-epinephrine in the treatment of croup has been suggested to be 0.5 mL/kg, with a maximum dose of 2.5 mL and 5 mL for children younger and ripened than 4 years, respectively (9). So far there have been truly few reports that have studied the efficacy L- epinephrine in the counsel of post bronchoscpy croup and (UAO) in children. This plain was designed for tow purposes of (a) ascertaining the effectiveness of L-epinephrine in the management of croup and weezy chest post bronchoscpy in children or not and (b) comparing the efficacy of a nebulized L-epinephrine at the dose of 0.1ml/kg versus 0.5ml/kg for the treatment of the above conditions and finally to recommend the routine use of L-epinephrine at the dose of 0.1ml/kg as protocole for the management croup and (UAO) post bronchoscopy in ChildrenMaterial and MethodsBetween April1998 and April 2002, 120 children, who developed signs and symptoms of upper airway obstruction (UAO ) after bronchoscopy such as inexorable irritative cough, wheezy chest, stridor and hoarseness of voice were randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg or 0.5 mL/kg of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE) with maximum of 2mL for patients below 5 years of age and 4mL for patients above 5 years of age. Two mL of normal saline were added to the dose of L-epinephrine. Age group ranged from 4months to 14 years, mean of 4.6 years, male /female ratio 41. We used L-epinephrine because racemic epinephrine in not available in our hospital and it is expensive. The treatment was accomplished in the recovery room under the care of the anesthetist and pediatric surgeon using facemask with 100% oxygen at 6 liters/minute. The main parameter that evaluated was the change of the (UAO) scores ( add-in 1) and the other parameters that evaluated were changes in the respiratory rate, heart rate, relationship thrust and oxygen saturation observed by pulse oxymeter. All parameters were evaluated at 15 minutes, 35 minutes and 45 minutes after the treatment, side effects of nebulized epinephrine, if fall in such as tremor, arrhythmia, and pallor were recorded at the same time. The management was repeated after 2 hours whenever clinically indicated if the results were not satisfactory. All patients were reviewed carefully prior to discharge from recovery room.RESULTSOne coke and twenty children post bronchoscopy for foreign body aspiration (FBA) were enrolled in this study. Sixty children were allocated to the 0.1mg/kg (NLE) and sixty children to the 0.5 mL/kg (NLE). The (NLE) was mixed with 2ml of normal saline. Both groups had the same baseline characteristics ( circuit card 2) and both groups had initially moderate upper airway obstruction. Both groups showed clinically significant improvements and decrement in UAO scores and oxygen saturation at 15, 35 and 45 minutes( delay 3) compared to that prior to (NLE) at time 0. There were no significant differences in UAO scores and VS between the groups at all time points and none required immediate intubation or re-bronchoscopy. Side effects of epinephrine including pallor, arrhythmia and tremor were not observed.Table 1 Upper airway obstruction score (15)**Score012CoughStridorRetractioninspiratory breath soundsCyanosis* no(prenominal)NoneNoneNormalNoneHoarse cryInspiratorySuprasternalHarsh with rhonchiIn room airBarkInspiratory +expiratorySuprasternal+ substernal +intercostalDelayedIn 40% oxygen*Cyanosis was modified and specify as oxygen saturation ** Downes JJ, Raphaely RC. Pediatric intensifier care. Anesthesiology 1975 43 238-50.Table 2 Patient characteristics of our study groups0.1mL/kg0.5mL/kgNumber of patients6060Mean age (years)3.45.8Gender (M/F ratio)4141UAO score immediately after bronchoscopy( Mild ( conquer 4-7) n, %(Severe 7) n, %12 (20%)42 (70%)6 (10%)15 (25%)38 (63.33%)7 (11.66%)Table 3 The outcome variables in our study groupsTimeTime 015 Minutes35 MinutesNebulized L-epinephrine / DoseNumber of pati ents0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg60 600.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg60 600.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg60 60Upper airway obstruction score(Mean)5 (1-8) 5 (1-7)3 (1-6) 2 (0-5)2 (0-5) 1.4 (0-5)respiratory rate/minute (Mean)28 3032 3329 28Heart rate /minute (Mean)126 128130 128125 123systolic blood pressure mmHg (Mean)95 100102 10697 103Diastolic blood pressure mmHg(Mean)55 6158 6356 62Oxygen saturation % (Mean)93 9496 9798 98DiscussionPost bronchoscopy croup and respiratory distress is know entity in pediatric age group, especially when there is a command for repeated bronchoscopic trials for retrieval of long standing foreign bodies. In such conditions, severe inflammatory process of tracheo-bronchial tree is almost present from certain foreign bodies like peanut and other seeds that elaborate severe irritative substances leading to infection and granulation of bronchial tree that aggravate the respiratory distress, bronchospasm and croup post bronchoscopy. The main aim of the clinician in such conditions is to provide relief of respiratory distress by decreasing upper airway irritation and improving air entry. The present study has seek to verify the safety and efficacy of bronchodilator effect of (NLE) and to prove that a dose of 0.1mL/kg is at least(prenominal) as effective as the dose of 0.5mL/kg in the treatment of croup and (UAO) post bronchoscopy in children. many an(prenominal) studies have tested the value of racemic epinephrine compared to placebo (10) and to nebulized salbutamol (11-13) and the results showed superior value of racemic epinephrine in the treatment of bronchiolitis. It seems no pharmacological basis for the belief that racemic epinephrine is safer than L-epinephrine (3-5) and racemic epinephrine is not available in Jordan and is thus difficult to keep and expensive, making L-epinephrine a more viable option. Sumboonnanonda (14) used (NLE) at the dose 0.05mL/kg (maximum 0.5mL) in the treatment of infectious croup. They found a clinically significant improvement in (UA O) scores at 24 and 48 hours after admission, even in the placebo group without dexamethasone treatment .The present study found similar results at average 30 minutes in children with post-bronchoscopy croup and wheezy chest. The maximum dose of (NLE) in this study was 2mL for patients less than 5 years of age and 4mL for patients more than 5 years. In our study we confirmed the safety and efficacy of (NLE) in the treatment of post intubation croup (6) and infectious croup (7), when Nutman (6) used 0.25mL of 1% L-epinephrine (2.5mg) regardless the weight, for children post-intubation croup and found significant reduction of stridor score within 20 minutes, the same we observed in our study which continued at least over the next 4 hours post bronchoscopy. Waisman (7) used 5mL of 1/1000 L-epinephrine (5mg), regardless the weight, in children with infectious croup when he found a significant reduction of croup score, reaching its maximum at 30 minutes. The majority of our patients requ ired one section of (NLE) to achieve these results and in very few of them who had long standing foreign bodies and repeated trials of bronchoscopy and bronchial wash out, another session of (NLE) required over 24 hours on 6 hourly interval. The present results suggest that nebulized L-epinephrine, at a minimal dose of 0.1 mL/kg, is at least as effective as the dose of 0.5 mL/kg in the treatment of post-bronchoscopy croup. Both doses temporarily palliate airway obstruction without undesirable side effects. The dose of 0.1 mL/kg is much less expensive. We would suggest that the dose of 0.1 mL/kg is in any case efficacious in the treatment of children with post-bronchoscopy croup. This dose may be adapted to diminish mucosal edema of the upper airway by touch alpha-adrenergic receptors and producing vasoconstriction (4).In conclusion, the presented data suggest that administration (NLE), at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg is safe and effective and results in a similar reduction in upper air way obstruction scores, compared with the dose of 0.5 mL/kg, in children with post-bronchoscopy croup. Neither dose was associated with any adverse side effects and we recommend the routine use of 0.1mL/kg (NLE) post bronchoscopy in children. Taking in consideration the comparable efficacy of both doses, the use of a exquisite dose in clinical practice would save the medication write down and, theoretically, have a lower risk of developing side effects that are mostly dose dependent. Future studies should consider the use of (NLE) at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg in children with post bronchoscopy croup, which has a pathophysiology resembling infectious croup. Further studies examining the optimal dose and frequency of (NLE) in children with croup due to different pathologies including post-bronchoscopy croup seem warranted.Acknowledgment to DR Mohamad Al-Sukar, Chair of Anesthesia segment Royal Medical Services,Dr Kassem Khamaeseh,MD, Anesthesia Intensive care for their support and rev iew of this manuscript.References1. Borland LM, Colligan J, Brandom B.W. J Clin AnesthesiaKoba BV, Jeon IS, Andre JM, MacKay I, Smith RM. Postintubation croup in children. Anesth Analg 1977 56501-5Holbrook PR, Issues in airway management -1988. 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